Neuroscience and Neurobiology

Neuroendocrine components activated by stressors include the increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the sympathetic system nervous and medulla, the discharge of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and vasopressin from parvicellular neurons into the portal circulation, and seconds later, the secretion of pituitary adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), resulting in secretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal . Corticotrophin-releasing factor coordinates the endocrine, autonomic, behavioral and immune responses to worry and also acts as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator within the amygdala, dorsal raphe nucleus, hippocampus and locus cerulean, to integrate brain multi-system responses to worry.